Among 1314 couples in which the HIV-1-seronegative partner was female (median follow-up 18•0 [IQR 12•6—24•2] months), rates of HIV-1 acquisition were 6•61 per 100 person-years in women who used hormonal contraception and 3•78 per 100 person-years in those who did not (adjusted hazard ratio 1•98, 95% CI 1•06—3•68, p=0•03). Among 2476 couples in which the HIV-1-seronegative partner was male (median follow-up 18•7 [IQR 12•8—24•2] months), rates of HIV-1 transmission from women to men were 2•61 per 100 person-years in couples in which women used hormonal contraception and 1•51 per 100 person-years in couples in which women did not use hormonal contraception (adjusted hazard ratio 1•97, 95% CI 1•12—3•45, p=0•02). Marginal structural model analyses generated much the same results to the Cox proportional hazards regression.
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